城市混合生活垃圾高压挤压干湿分离分质技术及装备

发布时间：2025-05-22 20:14

大多数城市湿垃圾（破布、菜叶）与干垃圾（纸巾、烟蒂）分开装。 #生活常识# #日常生活小窍门# #节能建议# #垃圾分类方法#

城市混合生活垃圾高压挤压干湿分离分质技术及装备(High-pressure extrusion dry-wet separation technology and equipment for urban mixed domestic waste)

技术编号

提供技术单位

启迪环境科技发展股份有限公司(Tus Environmental Technology Development Co., Ltd.)

地址

湖北省

联系人

张莹

技术类型

生物质

电话

18101031587

邮箱

zhangying_1204@126.com

Technical provider

技术原理及工艺路线

1.技术原理本项目创造性的提出了高压挤压干湿分离技术和装备，该技术是通过液压系统产生的强大挤压力，将有机垃圾从混合垃圾中分离出来，从而达到干垃圾组分（即杂质）和湿垃圾组分（即有机质部分）的干湿分离效果，技术原理如下：（1）基于垃圾成分的物理性质差异：垃圾中的干垃圾主要由塑料、织物、竹木、橡胶等构成，这些物质均是条棒状或块状固体，不具有流动性；而有机垃圾主要由水分和较软的浆状有机质（塑料织物等属于干垃圾），均具有良好的流动性；（2）基于高压挤压力：液压系统产生强大的挤压力，高达 70MPa，而普通的垃圾压缩车产生的压强不足 1MPa。如此高的压力作用在垃圾上，一是干垃圾被挤碎或挤破并被牢牢地固定在挤压腔内无法移动，二是有机垃圾在巨大的压差下迅速流动，不断占据垃圾中的空隙，当所有空隙都被压缩殆尽的时候，便从垃圾中分离出来；（3）基于特定的分离机构：指垃圾挤压腔，挤压腔的周围布满湿垃圾流出的通道，需保证湿垃圾能够顺利快速地流出，还要尽可能阻止干垃圾外逸，同时还要承受强大的挤压力和摩擦力。因此，需要挤压腔具有良好的开孔率和通道分布、合适的壁厚以及足够的强度等。 2.工艺流程采用一步直接挤压分离工艺，不经过破袋、筛分、破碎等任一前处理环节，适用于各种有机生活垃圾（包含生活垃圾、餐饮垃圾、厨余垃圾、过期食品、果蔬垃圾等）的干湿分离工艺，不用针对每一类垃圾制定不同的分离工艺。对餐饮垃圾预处理，常规技术的制浆步骤包括大物质分选（即筛分）、分选制浆（即破碎）、砂水分离和水力旋流（即除砂）等 4 个步骤，而采用新工艺，直接由高压挤压一个步骤即可。例如，常规技术采用破碎手段，在破碎的过程中，垃圾中的玻璃、陶瓷和砖瓦等也被破碎，产生了大量的砂子、碎玻璃、碎陶瓷等，为了除去这些杂质，不得不加设多级除砂设备；挤压处理工艺由于将块状的玻璃、陶瓷和砖瓦大部分都保留在了干垃圾组分内，因此湿浆料不用额外的除砂步骤。对厨余垃圾预处理，常规技术需要经过人工分选、粗破碎、滚筒筛筛分、碟形筛筛分和细破碎等 5 个步骤，以多级破碎和多级筛分为典型特征，而采用新工艺，同样的，直接由高压挤压一个步骤即可。新工艺充分体现了“多步合一，一步到位，简单高效”的创新点和优势，不仅能降低设备吨投资约 40%，降低能耗 40%~60%，而且还由于有机质损失少及高压挤压的作用，后端厌氧产沼的速率提高了 2.5 倍，产沼率提高了约 15%。

技术适应性分析

该技术装备广泛适用于混合生活垃圾、分类后的厨余垃圾、餐厨垃圾等的干湿分离分质。该技术装备可实现全自动化运行，设备模块化设计，安装、使用、维护简便。后续工艺可连接好氧堆肥工艺、厌氧发酵工艺、焚烧工艺、填埋工艺等，不受地域、规模、环境、资源能源等因素的限制。

技术稳定性分析

该技术装备在生产运行过程中保持稳定，对环境和原料均不敏感，适合不同含水、不同种类的垃圾，使用寿命 15 年以上。

技术安全性分析

该技术装备用于垃圾预处理工艺，后续可接生物处理、焚烧处理等资源化无害化工艺，成套设备成熟，不产生二次污染，不存在易燃易爆高毒性物质泄露等环境、安全事故的风险，不受上游资源限制等系统性风险。

Technical principle and process route

1.Technical principle This project creatively puts forward the high-pressure extrusion dry wet separation technology and equipment. The technology is to separate the organic waste from the mixed waste through the strong extrusion pressure generated by the hydraulic system, so as to achieve the dry wet separation effect of dry waste components (i.e. impurities) and wet waste components (i.e. organic matter) (1) Based on the difference of physical properties of garbage components: the dry garbage in garbage is mainly composed of plastic, fabric, bamboo and wood, rubber, etc., which are rod-shaped or massive solids and have no fluidity; while the organic garbage is mainly composed of water and soft slurry organic matter (plastic fabric, etc. belongs to dry garbage), which have good fluidity; (2) Based on the high-pressure extrusion force: the hydraulic system produces a strong extrusion force, up to 70MPa, while the pressure produced by the ordinary garbage compression vehicle is less than 1MPa. Such a high pressure acts on the garbage, one is that the dry garbage is crushed or crushed and firmly fixed in the extrusion cavity and can not move, the other is that the organic garbage flows rapidly under the huge pressure difference and constantly occupies the voids in the garbage. When all the voids are compressed, they are separated from the garbage; (3) Based on the specific separation mechanism: refers to the garbage extrusion cavity, the extrusion cavity is full of wet garbage outflow channel, need to ensure that the wet garbage can flow out smoothly and quickly, but also try to prevent the escape of dry garbage, at the same time also bear strong extrusion pressure and friction. Therefore, it is necessary for the extrusion cavity to have good opening ratio and channel distribution, appropriate wall thickness and sufficient strength. 2.Process flow The one-step direct extrusion separation process is applied to dry and wet separation of all kinds of organic domestic waste (including domestic waste, catering waste, kitchen waste, expired food, fruit and vegetable waste, etc.) without any pretreatment steps such as bag breaking, screening and crushing. It is not necessary to develop different separation processes for each type of waste. For the pretreatment of restaurant waste, the conventional pulping process includes four steps: large material separation (screening), separation pulping (crushing), sand water separation and hydrocyclone (desanding), while the new process can be directly carried out by one step of high-pressure extrusion. For example, conventional technology uses crushing means. In the process of crushing, the glass, ceramics and bricks in the garbage are also broken, resulting in a large amount of sand, broken glass and broken ceramics. In order to remove these impurities, multistage desanding equipment has to be added. Because most of the massive glass, ceramics and bricks in the extrusion process are retained in the dry garbage components, so it is necessary to improve the technology The wet slurry does not require additional desanding steps. For the pretreatment of kitchen waste, the conventional technology needs to go through five steps: manual separation, coarse crushing, roller screen screening, dish screen screening and fine crushing, with multi-stage crushing and multi-stage screening as the typical characteristics, while the new technology is also adopted, which can be directly carried out by one step of high-pressure extrusion. The new process fully embodies the innovation and advantages of "multi-step integration, one-step in place, simple and efficient". It can not only reduce equipment investment by about 40% and energy consumption by 40% ~ 60%, but also increase the anaerobic biogas production rate by 2.5 times and biogas production rate by about 15% due to less organic matter loss and high-pressure extrusion.

Technical adaptability analysis

The technical equipment is widely used for dry wet separation of mixed domestic waste, classified kitchen waste and food waste. The technical equipment can realize fully automatic operation, modular design and easy installation, use and maintenance. The follow-up process can be connected with aerobic composting process, anaerobic fermentation process, incineration process and landfill process, which is not limited by region, scale, environment, resources and energy.

Technical stability analysis

The technical equipment is stable in the process of production and operation, insensitive to the environment and raw materials, suitable for different kinds of waste with different water content, and has a service life of more than 15 years.

Technical safety analysis

The technology and equipment are used in waste pretreatment process, and can be followed up by resource-based and harmless processes such as biological treatment and incineration treatment. The complete set of equipment is mature and does not produce secondary pollution, and there is no risk of environmental and safety accidents such as leakage of inflammable, explosive and highly toxic substances, and there is no systematic risk such as upstream resource limitation.

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