ASU Bio 340 Exam 1 Holechek Study Guide: Mitosis, Meiosis, Genetics, and Molecular Biology

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Mitosis and Meiosis II - --In which nuclear division process do sister chromatids segregate? chiasmata - --At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structure? Pairing of homologous chromosomes - --Which of the following is unique to prophase I of meiosis? 16 - --If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosome, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? four haploid - --Meiosis produces ___________ daughter cells All offspring with red eyes - --In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white- eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome? All male offspring with white eyes - --In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome? 50% - --Hemophilia is an x-linked recessive pattern. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected? Both of her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive gene for hemophilia - --What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia?

p=0.5. All daughters will be affected. - --Congenital generalized hypertrichosis is a an X-linked dominant disease. If an affected male marries an unaffected female, what is the probability of passing the hypertrichosis gene to his offspring? incomplete dominance - --If black and white true breeding mice are mated and the result is all grey offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of? multiple alleles and codominance - --ABO blood groups are an example of Yes, if each parent carries one i allele - --Could an individual with blood type O (genotype ii) be a ligitimate child of parents in which one parent has type A and the other has type B blood? Incomplete dominance - --A white splashed (Bl/Bl) Andalausian chicken and a black (bl/bl) Andalusian chicken are crossed. The heterozygotes produced show an intermediate phenotype (blue). What inheritance pattern would this be indicative of? Codominance - --A person with only one Sickle Cell Anemia allele and one unaffected allele will have some normal red blood cells and some abnormal. What inheritance pattern would this be indicative of? DNA - --In Griffith's experiments, what made the harmless R cells grow capsules when exposed to heat- killed S cells? Be incorporated into the phage protein coat because some amino acids contain sulfur - --In the Hershey- Chase experiment radioactive Sulfur was used to: Radioactive phosphorus was found inside the cell - --The experiments by Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA was the hereditary material on the basis of the finding that:

5'-AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA-3' - --Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non template strand): 5'- ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3' Mutation and gene flow - --In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population? True - --Mutation can be defined as the addition of genetic variation that increases the hereditary diversity of a population. It is found in 100% of the population - --If an allele has a frequency of 1: Gene flow - --When male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group in search of a new pride. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms? Inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes. - --When closely related individuals mate with each other, or inbreed, the offspring are often not as fit as the offspring of two unrelated individuals. Why? They are derived by similar environmental constraints. - --Which statement about analogies is correct? homologous traits - --What do scientists use to apply cladistics? They evolved from a shared ancestor. - --What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade? to decipher accurate phylogenies - --Why do scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony?

are genetically identical to the parent cell - --Daughter cells produced by mitosis _______. DNA replication. - --Besides growth, what must happen before a cell divides? Cytokinesis - --The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two new cells is called? The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. - --Which of the following is the correct order of events in mitosis? alleles - --Alternate forms of a gene are called _______. phenotype - --Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his or her ______. Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father - --Why do your chromosomes come in pairs? He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand. - --How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize? phenotype - --The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________. segregation - --Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______. These genes are inherited independently of each other. - --Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?

There should be 1 green seed for every 1 yellow seed. - --Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a gene with two alleles in which the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype? AArr and aaRr - --In apples, the allele A is dominant for a big size apple and the allele R is dominant for red color. You cross one tree that produces big yellow apples and another tree that produces small red apples. Half of the offspring trees produce big red apples and half produce big yellow apples. What are the genotypes of the parents? (Pay attention to the phenotypic description of the parents so you can easily eliminate the genotypes that do not match these descriptions.) 50% - --You have flipped a standard quarter 10 times and had four head and six tails come up. With that experience, what will be the chances of you getting a heads on the next flip? 0.05 - --If a student randomly guesses at five multiple-choice questions during a BIO 340 exam, find the probability that the student gets exactly three correct. Each question has five possible choices. (In this case, number of trials (n) = 5, number of successes (X) = 3, and the numerical probability of success (p) = 1/5, since there is one chance in five of guessing a correct answer.) 1 in 16 - --What is the probability of having 4 girls in a row? 0.33 - --In a cross between two heterozygous plants (Tt x Tt), what is the probability of a plant being homozygous given that it is tall? 1/32 - --What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring? TTRrYy x TtRrYy -> TTrrYY (Use a Punnett Square to solve for one gene at a time (e.g. TT x Tt) in order to find the probability of the specific genotype for that gene in the offspring. Repeat for all the genes and use the multiplication rule to get the answer for the complete genotype.) Both heterozygous for the alkaptonuria gene. - --John has alkaptonuria; it "runs in the family". John and his grandmother are both homozygous for alkaptonuria. John's grandmother has two brothers and a

sister. One of the brothers had alkaptonuria and his daughter is John's mother. Based on this information, John's parents are: All of the children will inherit at least one copy of the alkaptonuria gene. - --If John marries someone who is heterozygous for alkaptonuria, then which of the following statements is true? Remember alkaptonuria is a recessive disorder. Semi-conservative - --DNA replication is classified as _______________ replication. 5'-GACUCCGUAUAGUG-3' - --Given this DNA template strand (3'-CTGAGGCATATCAC-5'), select the correct RNA transcript RNA to DNA - --I mentioned an exception to the classic Central Dogma in my video. What was the exception? False - --The Central Dogma states DNA turns into RNA and RNA turns into protein. Met - Pro - Ser - Gly - Stop - --Translate the following mRNA transcript: 5'-AUGCCGUCAGGGUGA-3' Transcription - --What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template? Translation - --What is the process by which protein is synthesized from a RNA template? Francis Crick - --Who proposed the Central Dogma of molecular biology? Segregation - --Consider a plant character, leaf shape. In a tree species, it has been determined that leaf shape is controlled by a single gene segregating two alleles, and having rounded leaves is dominant to elongated leaves.

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