我国固体废物产生、利用处置现状与发展趋势

利用社交媒体跟踪行业趋势 #生活技巧# #职场生存技巧# #行业发展趋势#

摘要： 固体废物治理对推进经济社会绿色转型、实现“双碳”目标与“无废社会”建设意义重大。本研究聚焦中国一般工业固体废物、城乡生活垃圾、农业固体废物、建筑垃圾及危险废物5类典型固体废物，系统梳理其产生规模、结构组成与地域分布特征，分析利用处置现状与短板，提出协同治理方向。研究发现：我国固体废物产生结构差异显著。2023年我国5类固体废物总产生量为9.32×109 t，一般工业固体废物产生量为3.80×109 t，其中尾矿等5类占62.5%；城乡生活垃圾中厨余垃圾占比57.78%；农业固体废物中畜禽粪污占75.9%；建筑垃圾以工程渣土为主（占比67.2%）；危险废物因工业结构呈多样小类分布，反映不同领域资源消耗与废弃物产出规律。而且具有区域分布关联发展特征。固体废物空间格局与产业、人口、发展阶段紧密相关，一般工业固体废物集中于北方资源型及重化工业省份，城乡生活垃圾主导区为经济发达、人口密集地区，建筑垃圾高度集聚于城镇化快速推进省份，危险废物分布与工业密集度关联，呈现鲜明空间集聚性。另外，其利用处置成效与短板并存，一般工业固体废物综合利用率达到57.9%，但尾矿利用率仅为25.6%；危险废物小类间利用率差别较大，如HW48有色金属采选和冶炼废物达80.2%，HW18焚烧处置残渣不足3%；城乡生活垃圾资源化率达到78.4%，但厨余、可燃物、有害垃圾处理存在难点；农业固体废物中畜禽粪污利用率达93.4%，但废弃农用薄膜仅37.7%，短板源于技术、设施、回收网络等瓶颈。基于此，提出从源头减量、能源化利用、提升二次污染物控制与区域协同能力等3个方向的全链条协同治理，助力突破固体废物治理瓶颈，为精准施策及推动治理模式向减量化、资源化、低碳化与风险可控一体化转型提供支撑，服务“双碳”目标与“无废社会”建设。

关键词: 固体废物, 产生, 利用处置, 发展趋势, 固体废物治理

Abstract: Solid waste management is of great significance for promoting the green transformation of the economy society, achieving the “dual carbon” goals and building a “waste-free society”. This study focused on five typical solid wastes in China, namely general industrial solid waste, urban and rural domestic waste, agricultural solid waste, construction waste and hazardous waste. It systematically reviewed their generation scale, structural composition and regional distribution characteristics, analyzed the current status and shortcomings of utilization and disposal, and proposed directions for collaborative governance. The study found that the structure of solid waste generation in China varied significantly. In 2023, the total generation of the five types of solid waste in China was 9.32×109 t, with general industrial solid waste amounting to 3.80×109 t, among which tailings and other five types accounted for 62.5%; kitchen waste accounted for 57.78% of urban and rural domestic waste; livestock and poultry manure accounted for 75.9% of agricultural solid waste; construction waste was dominated by engineering soil (accounting for 67.2%); hazardous waste showed a diverse small category distribution due to the industrial structure, reflecting the resource consumption and waste output patterns in different fields. Moreover, it has the characteristics of regional distribution and associated development. The spatial pattern of solid waste is closely related to industry, population and development stage. General industrial solid waste is concentrated in northern resource-based and heavy chemical industrial provinces; urban and rural domestic waste is mainly generated in economically developed and densely populated areas; construction waste is highly concentrated in provinces with rapid urbanization; the distribution of hazardous waste is associated with industrial density, showing a distinct spatial agglomeration. In addition, the utilization and disposal of solid waste have both achievements and shortcomings. The comprehensive utilization rate of general industrial solid waste reached 57.9%, but the utilization rate of tailings was only 25.6%; the utilization rates of different small categories of hazardous waste varied greatly, such as HW48 (80.2%) and HW18 (less than 3%); the resource utilization rate of urban and rural domestic waste reached 78.4%, but the treatment of kitchen waste, combustible waste and hazardous waste was difficult; the utilization rate of livestock and poultry manure in agricultural solid waste was 93.4%, but the utilization rate of agricultural film waste was only 37.7%, with the shortcomings stemming from technical, facility and recycling network bottlenecks. Based on this, it is proposed to carry out full-chain collaborative governance from three directions: source reduction, energy utilization and improvement of secondary pollutant control and regional coordination capabilities, to help break through the bottlenecks in solid waste management, provide support for precise policy-making and promote the transformation of the governance model towards reduction, resource utilization, low carbonization and risk controllability, and serve the “dual carbon” goals and the construction of a “waste-free society”.

Key words: solid waste, generation, utilization and disposal, development trend； solid waste management

网址：我国固体废物产生、利用处置现状与发展趋势 https://www.yuejiaxmz.com/news/view/1462217

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