《绿色电力购买指南》3—绿电及绿证介绍

《绿色饮食指南》：介绍健康环保的饮食习惯。 #生活技巧# #健康生活方式# #健康生活方式书籍# #绿色环保生活理念#

什么是绿色电力

“绿色电力”有多种不同的解释。本指南中，绿色电力特指部分具有最高环境效益的可再生能源电力。绿色电力也被称为强制性约束之外，即自愿性或满足规定盈余，的可再生能源电力。可再生能源为短期内可以自我补充不会耗尽的自然资源。绿色电力是可再生能源的子集，并代表着提供最高环境效益的可再生能源，例如：

太阳能 风能 地热（地球的热量） 沼气 生物质（某些形式的植物和废料） 低影响的水力资源

绿色电力通常不包括一些通常被视为可再生能源的资源，包括大型水电和城市生活垃圾。

绿色电力及相关术语

美国的能源是由多种资源供应。在清洁或可再生能源的某些定义中，所指的特定资源通常是由资源环境之外的其他因素驱动的。从市场角度看，绿色电力也是可再生能源的一部分，如图2-1所示。根据EPA的“绿色电力合作伙伴”描述，绿色电力是描述部分可再生能源电力的术语。读者应记住，与可再生能源或绿色电力相关的资源因来源或项目而异。有关绿色电力定义的更多讨论，请参考本指南上第10章（参考资料）开头所列的合作组织的网站。

Figure 2-1. Green Power as a Subset of the U.S. Electricity Sector

可再生能源证书介绍

由于电力的物理性质及其在共享电网中的移动方式，即使在现场项目中，消费者（或公用事业公司）也很难准确地知道其消耗的电力的来源。通过公用电网的电力从许多不同的来源产生，在消耗前基本上都混合在一起。这些发电来源从发电端到消费端历来都不会被跟踪。随着各州和组织开始制定可再生能源电力目标，因此开发了一个单独的可再生能源证书（RECs）系统以跟踪交付给电网用于满足消费者需求的发电量。RECs解决了共享电网中可再生能源的识别、分配和所有权问题。每个REC代表1兆瓦时（MWh）的发电量，并将电力的环境和社会属性传递给消费者。

州或地区电子跟踪系统向已在跟踪系统中注册并上报经过认证的发电量的发电厂签发RECs。签发的RECs是可交易的合法工具，用于证明从发电端到使用端对能源发电属性所有权。REC所有者有权对可再生能源电力的属性进行声明。

州首先创造RECs以跟踪电力供应商对强制性可再生能源目标的完成情况（也称为州可再生能源配额标准），并在某些情况下核实电力供应商向消费者提供的关于其电力的燃料组合和环境影响的声明。自愿的或非监管性市场和项目一直以RECs作为购买绿色电力的证明，同时联邦贸易委员会发布了环境营销指南，要求以RECs的所有权证实商业化的可再生能源声明。经证实的声明指南不仅用于声称使用可再生能源的人，也包括那些声称出售可再生能源的人，例如可再生能源项目开发商。

尽管出于合规目的，各州对RECs的定义有所不同，州法规和自愿市场规范普遍同意RECs为绿色电力和其他环境声明提供法律依据。因此，RECs在可再生能源和绿色电力声明中提供了重要的核算和跟踪功能。

What is Green Power?

The term green power can be used in several different ways. In this guide, green power refers specifically to elec-tricity supplied from a subset of renewable resources that provide the highest environmental benefit. Green Power is also defined as renewable electricity that goes above and beyond what is otherwise required by mandate or requirement – green power is also voluntary or surplus to regulation. Renewable energy is supplied by natural resources that replenish themselves over short periods of time without being depleted. Green power is a subset of renewable energy and represents those renewable energy resources that provide the highest environmental benefit, such as:

Solar

Wind

Geothermal (the earth’s heat)

Biogas

Biomass (some forms of plant and waste material)

Low-impact hydroelectric resources

Green power generally does not include some resources that are often considered as renewable energy including large hydropower and municipal solid waste.

Green Power and Related Terms

The U.S. energy supply includes a variety of energy resources. Inclusion of specific resources in certain definitions for clean or renewable energy is often driven by other factors beyond the environmental profile of the resource. Green power is viewed by the market as a subset of renewable energy which is shown in Figure 2-1. Green power, as described by EPA’s Green Power Partnership, is a term that includes only electricity generated from this subset of renewable resources. Readers should keep in mind that the resources associated with renewable energy or green power vary depending on the source or program. For more discussion on the definition of green power, please refer to the websites of the organizations that collaborated on this guide, listed at the beginning of Chapter 10, Resources for Additional Information.

Introduction to Renewable Energy Certificates

Due to the physical nature of electricity and the way it moves across the shared electric grid, it is difficult for consumers (or utilities) to know precisely the source or origin of the electricity they consume, even with onsite projects. The electricity coming through the utility grid can be generated from many different sources and is essentially mixed together prior to consumption. Historically, these generation sources were not tracked from the generator to consumer.

As states and organizations began developing targets for renewable electricity, a separate system of renewable energy certificates (RECs) was therefore developed to track generation delivered to the grid to meet consumer demand. RECs solve the problem of identification, allocation and ownership of renewable energy across a shared

electric grid. Each REC represents 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity generated and conveys the environmental and social attributes of the generated electricity to consumers.

State or regional electronic tracking systems issue RECs to generators that have registered with and report verified generation to the tracking system. The RECs issued are tradable legal instruments that are used to verify ownership of the attributes of the energy generation from the point of generation to the point of use. The REC owner has the right to claim the attributes of the renewable electricity.

States first created RECs to track compliance with mandatory renewable energy targets for electricity suppliers (also known as state renewable portfolio standards), and in some cases to verify electricity supplier statements to consumers about fuel mix and environmental impacts of their electricity. Voluntary or non-regulatory markets and programs invariably require RECs as proof of green power purchases, and the Federal Trade Commission has issued environmental marketing guidelines that require ownership of RECs to substantiate commercial renewable energy claims. This substantiated claims guidance extends not only to those who claim to be using renewable energy, but also to those who claim to be selling renewable energy, such as renewable energy project developers.

Although there are differences in state definitions of RECs for compliance purposes, state rules and voluntary market norms generally agree that the REC instrument provides a legal basis for making green power and other environmen-tal claims. As such, RECs provide an essential accounting and tracking function in renewable energy and green power claims.

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