钢铁工业低碳绿色发展路径与实践

发布时间：2025-05-15 08:29

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摘要: 在全球进入低碳发展的新阶段的背景下，分析了不同时期的技术变革影响世界钢铁工业中心转移的历史发展趋势，提出了在全球碳中和背景下钢铁工业所面临的机遇与挑战。从国际、国内钢铁工业低碳发展现状出发，结合中国典型钢铁企业的绿色制造实践，及低碳发展规划，阐述了当前中国钢铁行业在低碳绿色发展方面所做出的探索与贡献，为钢铁企业助力国家“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的实现提供实践案例。建议未来发展路径可从四方面开展，一是在“十三五”超低排放成效的基础上向减污降碳过渡，推广烧结烟气循环及高比例球团冶炼等技术；二是实施以氢能为中心的能源结构的变革，开展多元化制氢技术，并配套加氢站网络的建设，加速绿色物流体系的构建，并在探索氢冶金技术的实践中引领行业发展；三是打造低碳绿色产业生态圈，从整个产业链、上下游协同出发，开发全生命周期评价平台及产品，并结合上下游重点企业全面推进绿色制造；四是行业突破性技术研发，加强产学研合作，整合全球创新资源。最后，在上述低碳发展路径的基础上，提出未来钢铁行业需要重视的发展建议。

关键词: 钢铁工业 / 低碳绿色 / 实践 / 路径 / 案例

Abstract: Coping with climate change is a common topic facing the world. The steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy; however, it is also a resource-intensive and typical high-carbon-emission industry. Low-carbon green is the inevitable choice and the only way for its high-quality development. Under the background that the world has entered a new stage of low-carbon development, this study analyzes the historical trend that the transfer of steel industry centers in the world is accompanied by technological change. In the new stage that China has become a steel center and will continue for a long time, it is faced with the demand for a significant reduction in carbon emissions, intensity, energy consumption, green trade barriers (such as carbon border tax), green procurement pressure, and breakthrough technology research and development challenges. This study outlines the low-carbon development plan and path of the international and domestic steel industry and focuses on the analysis of the exploration and contribution made by China’s steel industry in low-carbon green development in recent years. This study also aims to analyze the transformation of the future steel industry to low-carbon development based on the continuation of the practical achievements of green manufacturing with practical cases and summarize four types of development paths, which provide practical cases for iron and steel enterprises to help achieve the national goal of “carbon peak, carbon neutral” . The first path is to transition from ultralow-emission-centered development to pollution and carbon reduction and promote sintering flue gas circulation and high-proportion pellet smelting, selective circulation purification of sintering flue gas and waste heat utilization, and other technologies. The second path is to reform the energy structure with hydrogen energy as the center in the energy field, research and develop low-cost, large-scale hydrogen production technology, build a network of hydrogen refueling stations, accelerate the construction of green logistics systems, and lead the industry development in the practice of exploring hydrogen metallurgy technology. The third path is to rely on the cycle sustainability of steel materials (starting from the entire industrial chain and upstream and downstream coordination), utilize a full life cycle assessment platform and products, create a low-carbon green industrial ecosystem, and comprehensively promote green manufacturing in combination with upstream and downstream key enterprises. The fourth path is to conduct cooperative research and development of breakthrough technologies (such as carbon capture utilization and storage and other cutting-edge technologies) to strengthen the cooperation between industry, university, and research and integrate global innovation resources. Finally, based on the current low-carbon development trend of the steel industry and the proposed low-carbon development paths, this study analyzes the impact of international situations (such as the EU carbon border regulation mechanism on China’s steel industry), promotes the full life cycle assessment of steel materials, encourages the construction of hydrogen energy development strategies and energy source systems, establishes a green industrial chain, and recommends collaborative carbon reduction.

图 1 河钢集团低碳发展技术路线图

Figure 1. Technical roadmap for low-carbon development of the HBIS Group

图 2 1990—2015年中国温室气体、大气污染物排放量变化趋势. （a） CO2排放量；（b）NOx排放量

Figure 2. Change trend of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions in China from 1990 to 2015: (a) CO2 emissions; (b) NOx emission

图 3 2010—2021年全球加氢站数量变化

Figure 3. Changes in the number of global hydrogen refueling stations from 2010 to 2021

图 4 “近零排放”工艺流程设计规划. （a）可再生能源制氢到氢基竖炉冶炼；（b）高效、低碳电弧炉冶炼；（c）薄板坯连铸连轧工艺

Figure 4. Flowchart of the designed “Near-zero emission” process: (a) hydrogen production from renewable energy to hydrogen-based shaft furnace smelting； (b) high-efficiency and low-carbon electric arc furnace smelting； (c) thin-slab continuous casting and rolling process

表 1 钢铁行业多工序多污染物超低排放控制技术指标

Table 1 Technical indicators of multiprocess and multipollutant ultralow emission control in the iron and steel industry

Emission standard (PM/SO2/NOx)Sintering process/ (mg·m−3)Pelletizing process/(mg·m−3)Coking process/(mg·m−3) Indicators of the HBIS Group TANGSTEEL Company10/10/405/20/308/15/60China’s ultralow emission standards10/35/5010/35/5010/30/150The most stringent standards abroad10/200/10010/200/10020/200/350 [1] 于勇. 钢铁轨迹. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2021

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